Resumo A doença de Chagas (DC) permanence uma causa importante de acidente vascular cerebral em países em desenvolvimento, mas a repercussão cognitiva dessa doença não tem sido bem estudada. Objetivo: Comparar a frequência e padrão de disfunção cognitiva em pacientes com cardiomiopatia associada à DC (CDC) em comparação com outras cardiomiopatias (OC). Métodos: Foram estudados 37 pacientes com CDC e 42 portadores de OC com idade, nível de instrução e função sistólica cardíaca semelhantes. Testes cognitivos foram realizados em ambos os grupos por um único investigador cegado quanto ao diagnóstico de DC. Modelos de regressão logística multi-variável foram construídos para detectar preditores de disfunção cognitiva para cada teste. Resultados: Disfunção cognitiva foi detectada em 9 (24%) pacientes com CDC e 6 (14%) com OC pelo Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) corrigido pelo nível de instrução. Preditores independentes de MEEM anormal (p <0,05) foram: história de AVC (OR=5,51; IC 95%=1,27-24,01) e uso de digoxina (OR=0,23, IC 95%=0,06-0,89); DC mostrou tendência a significância estatística (OR=4,63; IC 95%=0,87-24,73, p =0,07). Pacientes com CDC apresentaram pior desempenho na evocação tardia da figura complexa de Rey. Neste teste, a DC se manteve um preditor significante de disfunção cognitiva na análise multivariável (OR=4,67; IC 95%=1,23-17,68). Conclusões: Disfunção cognitiva é frequente na doença de Chagas e deve ser considerada como desfecho quantificado nos estudos da doença de Chagas.

Abstract Chagas disease (CD) remains a major cause of stroke in developing countries, but cognitive repercussion of CD has not been well studied. Objective: To compare the frequency and pattern of cognitive dysfunction in patients with CD cardiomyopathy (CDC) and other cardiomyopathies (OC). Methods: We studied 37 patients with CDC and 42 patients with OC with similar age, educational level and cardiac systolic function. Cognitive tests were applied to both groups by a single examiner blinded to CD status. Logistic regression multivariable models were constructed to ascertain predictors of cognitive dysfunction for each test. Results: Cognitive dysfunction was detected in 9 (24%) CDC patients and 6 (14%) OC patients by Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) corrected for educational level. Independent predictors of abnormal MMSE (p <0.05) included stroke history (OR=5.51; 95% CI=1.27-24.01) and digoxin use (OR=0.23, 95% CI=0.06-0.89), while CD showed a trend toward statistical significance (OR=4.63; 95% CI=0.87-24.73, p =0.07). Delayed recall of Rey's Complex Figure Test was significantly worse in CD patients, where this remained a significant predictor in the multivariable analysis (OR=4.67; 95% CI=1.23-17.68). Conclusions: Cognitive dysfunction is frequent in Chagas disease and should be considered as an outcome measure in Chagas disease studies.

Bacterial infection is a frequent complication in patients with chronic liver disease, mainly during the advanced stages. There is evidence that the main factors that contribute to a predisposition to infection in cirrhotic patients are related to hepatic failure with consequent immunodeficiency. Invasive procedures (diagnostic or therapeutic) can predispose to bacterial infections, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB) is considered a potentially important risk factor. A group of cirrhotic patients (child B and C Pugh groups ) were evaluated retrospectively by chart reviews regarding the prevalence of bacterial infection during hospitalization to determine whether UGB was a risk factor. An infection was considered present if a specific organ system was identified or if fever (>38ºC) persisted for more than 24 hours with associated leukocytosis. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was based on classical criteria. Eighty-nine patients were evaluated. Fourty-six patients presented with UGB, and 43 patients had no UGB (control). There were infections recorded in 25/46 (54%) patients with UGB, and 15/43 (35%) in those without UGB (p=0.065). The ratio of the number of infections/admitted patients, was significantly larger in the group with UGB (0.78 ± 0.89 vs. 0.39 ± 0.62; p=0.028) since patients had more than one infection. In the UGB group compared to non UGB group, ascites was more frequent (67% vs. 42%; p=0.027); they were more likely to have undergone endoscopic procedures (p<0.001) and the mean ± SD for platelets count was smaller (96,114 ± 57,563 vs. 145,674 ± 104,083; p=0.007). The results show that UGB is an important contribution to bacterial infection among Child B and C cirrhotic patients.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death among children in developing countries, and mortality due to pneumonia has been associated with S. pneumoniae infection. This investigation was designed to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype patterns of pneumococcal strains recovered from the blood of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to assess the clinical findings of pneumococcal bacteremic patients with pneumonia. In a 26 month prospective study, blood cultures were obtained as often as possible from children (<16 years of age) diagnosed with CAP in two emergency rooms. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility tests and serotyping were performed when pneumococcus was identified. We studied 3,431 cases and cultured blood samples from 65.5% of those. Pneumococcus was recovered from 0.8% of the blood samples. The differences in age, somnolence, wheezing and hospitalization among children with and without pneumococcal bacteremia were statistically significant. Pneumococcal bacteremia was age-related (mean 1.63 ± 1.55; median 0.92) and associated with somnolence and hospitalization among children with CAP. One strain was recovered from pleural fluid. Penicillin resistance was detected in 21.0% (4/19) of the strains at an intermediate level, whereas 63.0% of the strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The most common serotypes were 14 and 6B, and these serotypes included the resistant strains. Eight of our 18 isolates from blood were of types included in the heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, recently licensed in the USA.